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The National Convention, chosen in the first elections under male universal suffrage, [60] on 20 September 1792 succeeded the Legislative Assembly and on 21 September abolished the monarchy by proclaiming the French First Republic. A second phase of construction commenced at the end of the 1970s, which was carried out at a slower pace than the first phase. The French people look to the state as the primary guardian of liberty, and the state in turn provides a generous program of amenities for its citizens, from free education to health care and pension plans.

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Although France has engaged in long-running disputes with other European powers (and, from time to time, with the United States, its longtime ally), it emerged as a leading member in the European Union (EU) and its predecessors. It also hosts the headquarters of several international organisations, including the OECD, UNESCO, Interpol, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and the OIF.Until the western section is in service, neither of the eastern extensions can be put into service, as the Haussmann - St Lazare station is at maximum capacity because all trains are currently forced to turn around at this station. France was one of the major participants of World War I, from which it emerged victorious at great human and economic cost. Clovis claimed that he would be baptised a Christian in the event of his victory against the Visigothic Kingdom, which was said to have guaranteed the battle. As Guy Canivet, first president of the Court of Cassation wrote about the management of prisons: "Freedom is the rule, and its restriction is the exception; any restriction of Freedom must be provided for by Law and must follow the principles of necessity and proportionality.

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However, in practical terms, French law comprises three principal areas of law: civil law, criminal law, and administrative law. Under Salic law the crown of France could not pass to a woman nor could the line of kingship pass through the female line.Large parts of the current territory of France were raised during several tectonic episodes like the Hercynian uplift in the Paleozoic Era, during which the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Morvan, the Vosges and Ardennes ranges and the island of Corsica were formed. From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, the rulers of the County of Anjou, succeeded in establishing its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then progressively built an "empire" that spanned from England to the Pyrenees and covering half of modern France. Total traffic on the central sections of lines A and B, operated by RATP, was 452 million people in 2006; in the same year, total traffic on all Paris area commuter lines operated by SNCF (both RER and Transilien trains) was 657 million. Over time, some of the king's vassals would grow so powerful that they often posed a threat to the king. In that year, French troops began the conquest of Algeria, establishing the first colonial presence in Africa since Napoleon's abortive invasion of Egypt in 1798.

List of cities and towns in France | Britannica List of cities and towns in France | Britannica

During Louis XIV's minority and the regency of Queen Anne and Cardinal Mazarin, a period of trouble known as the Fronde occurred in France. Although similar to the three 1960s "cathedral stations" of Line A, their passenger traffic has so far proved vastly lower. Subsequent decades saw a period of economic prosperity and cultural and scientific flourishing known as the Belle Époque.The 101 departments are subdivided into 335 arrondissements, which are, in turn, subdivided into 2,054 cantons. The legislature consists of the French Parliament, a bicameral body made up of a lower house, the National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale) and an upper house, the Senate. Its eighteen integral regions (five of which are overseas) span a combined area of 643,801km 2 (248,573sqmi) and have a total population of over 68 million as of January2023 [update].