Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press. Examples of four incompletely resolved aspects of the biology of penguins elated to digestive and reproductive physiology, vision and locomotion".

There was a great diversity of species in subantarctic regions, and at least one giant species in a region around 2,000km south of the equator 35 mya, during the Late Eocene, a climate decidedly warmer than today. You may be wondering: “If penguins don’t necessarily enjoy interacting with humans, does this mean they hate us?The early Neogene saw the emergence of yet another morphotype in the same area, the similarly sized but more gracile Palaeospheniscinae, as well as the radiation that gave rise to the penguin biodiversity of our time.

They also jump with both feet together if they want to move more quickly or cross steep or rocky terrain. Named on an isolated humerus which is unable to be compared to other species present in the same locality. However, they have been identified as having at least four different types of feather: in addition to the traditional feather, the emperor has afterfeathers, plumules, and filoplumes. Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate, "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends That Entertained Us Over the Past 10 Years" Archived April 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. At the end of 2009, Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "Whether they were walking ( March of the Penguins), dancing ( Happy Feet), or hanging ten ( Surf's Up), these oddly adorable birds took flight at the box office all decade long.These two genera diverged apparently in the Middle Miocene ( Langhian, roughly 15–14 mya), but again, the living species of Eudyptes are the product of a later radiation, stretching from about the late Tortonian (Late Miocene, 8 mya) to the end of the Pliocene.

The birds currently known as penguins were discovered later and were so named by sailors because of their physical resemblance to the great auk.

in Spanish) Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2004) Los pingüinos (Aves, Sphenisciformes) fósiles de Patagonia.

State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections".Several pro, minor, college and high school sport teams in the United States have named themselves after the species, including the Pittsburgh Penguins team in the National Hockey League and the Youngstown State Penguins in college athletics.