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The skull of the holotype of Icaronycteris gunnelli is dorsoventrally crushed, so many cranial features, including structures of the basicranium, cannot be distinguished. However, the shape of the skull and several important traits of the skull and postcranium can be evaluated. Morphological traits of I. gunnellii are similar to those seen in Icaronycteris index and Onychonycteris finneyi except if explicitly stated otherwise below. The proclivous premaxilla in Icaronycteris gunnelli extends anteriorly beyond the level of the canine root and the nasal process of the premaxilla is well developed. The zygomatic arch appears complete and is broader than the mastoid region. Parietals appear to have not been inflated based on their rounded shape. The angular process of the dentary in I. gunnelli projects below the level of the occlusal plane, and the coronoid process is approximately two times the height of the condylar process.

The newly discovered bat, Icaronycteris gunnelli, weighed only about 25 grams, roughly as much as five marbles. It had already evolved the ability to fly and likely had developed the capacity to echolocate. The small bat probably lived in the trees surrounding the lake, flying over the water to hunt insects, says Tim Rietbergen, an evolutionary biologist at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands and lead author of the study describing the species in the journal PLOS ONE. We don't know very much about the beginnings of bats because we don't have the missing links like we do, say, between dinosaurs and modern birds," she says. To fill in the gaps, and possibly even discover the immediate ancestor to bats, scientists are hoping to find more skeletons. We didn't think that these early bats actually lived in caves. The information had been that they lived in trees around lakes and in forests which stretched right up to both poles because the Earth was very warm at this time."After asking for some measurements of the fossil, which had been found at a private quarry and was listed for sale, he reached out to Nancy Simmons, a bat expert at the American Museum of Natural History. She agreed with him that it looked like a new species, and AMNH bought the fossil for its collections. Vleut I, Levy-Tacher SI, Galindo-González J, de Boer WF. Positive effects of surrounding rainforest on composition, diversity and late-successional seed dispersal by bats. Basic Appl Ecol 2015;16: 308–315. Paleontologists have collected so many bats that have been identified as Icaronycteris index, and we wondered if there were actually multiple species among these specimens," said Tim Rietbergen, an evolutionary biologist at Naturalis. "Then we learned about a new skeleton that diverted our attention." Many of the fossils which have been found are fragmentary, which limits the insights they can provide. Extinct bats such as Australonycteris, for instance, have been described only from teeth and small fragments of bone.

Hand SJ, Sigé B, Archer M, Gunnel GF, Simmons NB. A new Early Eocene (Ypresian) bat from Pourcy, Paris Basin, France, with comments on patterns of diversity in the earliest chiropterans. J Mamm Evol 2015;22: 343–354.A) Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees of 1511 steps resulting from analyses including all taxa; B) Strict consensus of two most parsimonious trees of 1455 steps for analyses excluding Icaronycteris? menui and Icaronycteris sigei. Bootstrap values from 10,000 bootstrap replicates are shown above and to the left of nodes. Fossil taxa are represented by a dagger (†). Swofford D.L. PAUP—Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods), 4.0 [Computer Software and Manual]. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 2002. Ravel A, Adaci M, Bensalah M, Mahboubi M, Mebrouk F, Essid EM et al. New philisids (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from the Early–Middle Eocene of Algeria and Tunisia: new insight into the phylogeny, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of the Philisidae. J Syst Palaeontol. 2014;13: 691–709. The 2003 discovery of an early fossil bat from the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation, Onychonycteris finneyi, indicates that flight evolved before echolocative abilities. [20] [21] Onychonycteris had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches, such as sloths and gibbons. This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting that it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris probably alternated between flaps and glides in the air. [7] This suggests that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats, but flew from tree to tree and spent most of its time climbing or hanging on branches. [22] The distinctive features of the Onychonycteris fossil also support the hypothesis that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal locomotors, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, holds that bats first flew by taking advantage of height and gravity to drop down on to prey, rather than running fast enough for a ground-level take off. [23] [24] In recent years, scientists from the Naturalis Biodiversity Center started looking closely at Icaronycteris index by collecting measurements and other data from museum specimens.

In low-duty cycle echolocation, bats can separate their calls and returning echoes by time. They have to time their short calls to finish before echoes return. [87] The delay of the returning echoes allows the bat to estimate the range to their prey. [85] In high-duty cycle echolocation, bats emit a continuous call and separate pulse and echo in frequency using the Doppler effect of their motion in flight. The shift of the returning echoes yields information relating to the motion and location of the bat's prey. These bats must deal with changes in the Doppler shift due to changes in their flight speed. They have adapted to change their pulse emission frequency in relation to their flight speed so echoes still return in the optimal hearing range. [87] [88]

Grande L. The lost world of Fossil Lake: snapshots from deep time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2013.