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In the History of Animals, Aristotle sets out to investigate the existing facts (Greek "hoti", what), prior to establishing their causes (Greek "dioti", why). [1] [3] The book is thus a defence of his method of investigating zoology. Aristotle investigates four types of differences between animals: differences in particular body parts (Books I to IV); differences in ways of life and types of activity (Books V, VI, VII and IX); and differences in specific characters (Book VIII). [1] Historia animalium" redirects here. For the book by Conrad Gessner, see Historia animalium (Gessner). Historia animalium et al., Constantinople, 12th century ( Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, pluteo 87.4)

This is Morison’s rendering of ἐπὶ τῶν καθ’ ἕκαστα καὶ τῶν αἰσθητῶν (698a12-13). It is unsurprising, but perhaps worth mentioning nevertheless, that contributors do not always follow Morison. For instance, in the present case, Rapp translates these words “to particulars and the sensible things” (p. 218—though he is open to the epexegetical καί, n. 53). There are very few departures from Primavesi’s text in the interpretive essays: but see e.g. Coope p. 257 n. 51 and Cooper 367 n. 34. Text and translation on p. 105.) Scholars have offered a number of conjectures for μυσὶ and γῆι. Primavesi’s new edition, however, gives us the reading πίττηι (from the β-family) in place of γῆι, [4] and so “with the mice in pitch.” [5] I would have thought pitch impedes mobility not by always giving way, but by never letting go, though Primavesi provides a plausible defense of the aptness of the example (p. 107), as does Coope in ch. 2 (p. 242 n. 5). [6] Mayhew, Robert (2004). "5". The Female in Aristotle's Biology. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51200-6. Waggoner, Ben (9 June 1996). "Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2014. Campbell, Gordon Lindsay (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. p.517. ISBN 978-0-19-103515-9.The History of Animals had a powerful influence on zoology for some two thousand years. It continued to be a primary source of knowledge until zoologists in the sixteenth century, such as Conrad Gessner, all influenced by Aristotle, wrote their own studies of the subject. Aelian, On Animals. 3 volumes. Translated by A. F. Scholfield. 1958–9. Loeb Classical Library. ISBN 978-0-674-99491-1, ISBN 978-0-674-99493-5, and ISBN 978-0-674-99494-2 Apabila ingin mendapatkan pembelajaran lebih rinci, pengunjung bisa menggunakan pemandu selama berwisata di Animalium BRIN.

Owen, Richard (1992). Sloan, Phillip Reid (ed.). The Hunterian Lectures in Comparative Anatomy (May and June 1837). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.91. The comparative anatomist Richard Owen said in 1837 that "Zoological Science sprang from [Aristotle's] labours, we may almost say, like Minerva from the Head of Jove, in a state of noble and splendid maturity". [28] Claudius Aelianus ( Ancient Greek: Κλαύδιος Αἰλιανός, Greek transliteration Kláudios Ailianós; [1] c. 175– c. 235 AD), commonly Aelian ( / ˈ iː l i ən/), born at Praeneste, was a Roman author and teacher of rhetoric who flourished under Septimius Severus and probably outlived Elagabalus, who died in 222. He spoke Greek so fluently that he was called "honey-tongued" ( μελίγλωσσος meliglossos); Roman-born, he preferred Greek authors, and wrote in a slightly archaizing Greek himself. [2]a b Allaby, Michael (2010). Animals: From Mythology to Zoology. Infobase Publishing. pp.34–. ISBN 978-0-8160-6101-3. Jung, YH; Cho, BH (December 2013). "Prevalence of missing and impacted third molars in adults aged 25 years and above". Imaging Science in Dentistry. 43 (4): 219–25. doi: 10.5624/isd.2013.43.4.219. PMC 3873309. PMID 24380060. I was pleased that Primavesi provided detailed evidence for the title of the work (often missing in even the best critical editions). Nussbaum (p. 27) prints τοῖς ἑμύσι τοῖς ἐν πηλῶι (ἑμύσι from Diels, πηλῶι her own conjecture): “with tortoises in mud….” Conceptually, I think “with mice on mud” works quite well. Varia Historia was first printed in 1545. [7] The standard modern text is that of Mervin R. Dilts (1974).

Selain penjelasan, di samping patung atau satwa hidup juga terdapat penjelasan melalui teknologi tablet yang tersedia. Generally seen as a pioneering work of zoology, Aristotle frames his text by explaining that he is investigating the what (the existing facts about animals) prior to establishing the why (the causes of these characteristics). The book is thus an attempt to apply philosophy to part of the natural world. Throughout the work, Aristotle seeks to identify differences, both between individuals and between groups. A group is established when it is seen that all members have the same set of distinguishing features; for example, that all birds have feathers, wings, and beaks. This relationship between the birds and their features is recognized as a universal. Aelian, On the Nature of Animals. Translated by Gregory McNamee. 2011. Trinity University Press. ISBN 978-1-59534-075-7The History of Animals contains a large number of eye-witness observations, in particular of marine biology, in sharp contrast to Plato's "symbolic zoology". Aristotle's style and precision can be seen in the passage where he discusses the behaviour and anatomy of the cephalopods, mentioning the use of ink against predators, camouflage, and signalling. This is D'Arcy Thompson's translation: [9] Aristotle observed that the octopus can change colour when disturbed. Aelian's anecdotes on animals rarely depend on direct observation: they are almost entirely taken from written sources, not only Pliny the Elder, Theopompus, and Lycus of Rhegium, but also other authors and works now lost, to whom he is thus a valuable witness. [3] He is more attentive to marine life than might be expected, [ according to whom?] though, and this seems to reflect first-hand personal interest; he often quotes "fishermen". At times he strikes the modern reader as thoroughly credulous, but at others he specifically states that he is merely reporting what is told by others, and even that he does not believe them. Aelian's work is one of the sources of medieval natural history and of the bestiaries of the Middle Ages. [4] Leroi, Armand Marie (2014). The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02674-6. Ailianos, Vermischte Forschung. Greek and German by Kai Brodersen. 2018. Sammlung Tusculum. De Gruyter Berlin & Boston ISBN 978-3-11-057638-2