Super Cool Creations Lightning Bolt Mirrors - 35cm x 25cm

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In addition to ground-based lightning detection, several instruments aboard satellites have been constructed to observe lightning distribution. These include the Optical Transient Detector (OTD), aboard the OrbView-1 satellite launched on April 3, 1995, and the subsequent Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard TRMM launched on November 28, 1997. [145] [146] [147] Lightning is usually produced by cumulonimbus clouds, which have bases that are typically 1–2km (0.62–1.24mi) above the ground and tops up to 15km (9.3mi) in height. The induced separation of charge in pure liquid water has been known since the 1840s as has the electrification of pure liquid water by the triboelectric effect. [16] Positive lightning has also been shown to trigger the occurrence of upward lightning flashes from the tops of tall structures and is largely responsible for the initiation of sprites several tens of km above ground level. Positive lightning tends to occur more frequently in winter storms, as with thundersnow, during intense tornadoes [81] and in the dissipation stage of a thunderstorm. [82] Huge quantities of extremely low frequency (ELF) and very low frequency (VLF) radio waves are also generated. [83] Cloud to cloud (CC) and intra-cloud (IC)

Europe is already warming twice as fast as other continents, scientists have warned, with extreme weather such as flooding in 2021 already killing 188 people. Smooth channel lightning is an informal term referring to a type of cloud-to-ground lightning strike that has no visible branching and appears like a line with smooth curves as opposed to the jagged appearance of most lightning channels. They are a form of positive lightning generally observed in or near the convective regions of severe thunderstorms in the north central United States. It is theorized that severe thunderstorms in this region obtain an "inverted tripole" charge structure in which the main positive charge region is located below the main negative charge region instead of above it, and as a result these thunderstorms generate predominantly positive cloud-to-ground lightning. The term "smooth channel lightning" is also sometimes attributed to upward ground-to-cloud lightning flashes, which are generally negative flashes initiated by upward positive leaders from tall structures.a b Christian, Hugh J.; McCook, Melanie A. "A Lightning Primer – Characteristics of a Storm". NASA. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved February 8, 2009. U.A.Bakshi; M.V.Bakshi (January 1, 2009). Power System – II. Technical Publications. p.12. ISBN 978-81-8431-536-3. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Tennakone, Kirthi (2007). "Ball Lightning". Georgia State University. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008 . Retrieved September 21, 2007. Each successive stroke is preceded by intermediate dart leader strokes that have a faster rise time but lower amplitude than the initial return stroke. Each subsequent stroke usually re-uses the discharge channel taken by the previous one, but the channel may be offset from its previous position as wind displaces the hot channel. [68]

Oliver, John E. (2005). Encyclopedia of World Climatology. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6 . Retrieved February 8, 2009.Bond, D.W.; Steiger, S.; Zhang, R.; Tie, X.; Orville, R.E. (2002). "The importance of NOx production by lightning in the tropics". Atmospheric Environment. 36 (9): 1509–1519. Bibcode: 2002AtmEn..36.1509B. doi: 10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00553-2. a b Krehbiel, Paul R; Riousset, Jeremy A; Pasko, Victor P; Thomas, Ronald J; Rison, William; Stanley, Mark A; Edens, Harald E (2008). "Upward electrical discharges fromthunderstorms". Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 233. Bibcode: 2008NatGe...1..233K. doi: 10.1038/ngeo162. S2CID 8753629. Lightning Strike didn't have his first start over timber until February this year, when he finished a promising - but hardly earth-shattering - eight lengths second to My Turn Now. Once a conductive channel bridges the air gap between the negative charge excess in the cloud and the positive surface charge excess below, there is a large drop in resistance across the lightning channel. Electrons accelerate rapidly as a result in a zone beginning at the point of attachment, which expands across the entire leader network at up to one third of the speed of light. [61] This is the "return stroke" and it is the most luminous and noticeable part of the lightning discharge.

The bolt of lightning in heraldry is called a thunderbolt and is shown as a zigzag with non-pointed ends. This symbol usually represents power and speed. Cowen, Ron (November 6, 2009). "Signature of antimatter detected in lightning". Science News. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023 . Retrieved July 28, 2023. April 30: Appointed Bolton manager in succession to Sam Allardyce, who resigned after seven-and-a-half years in charge. Jennings, S. G.; Latham, J. (1972). "The charging of water drops falling and colliding in an electric field". Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 21 (2–3): 299–306. Bibcode: 1972AMGBA..21..299J. doi: 10.1007/bf02247978. S2CID 118661076. Ball, Philip (January 17, 2014). "Focus:First Spectrum of Ball Lightning". Physics. Vol.7. p.5. Bibcode: 2014PhyOJ...7....5B. doi: 10.1103/physics.7.5. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014 . Retrieved January 18, 2014.Mark Ravey from Longlevens, who captured the eerie scene, told GloucetershireLive: "At about 1:12 in the video as the car drives by, an object flies from the cloud left to right. Unsure what this is ... any ideas?" Randall Cerveny; etal. (WMO panel) (February 1, 2022), "New WMO Certified Megaflash Lightning Extremes for Flash Distance (768 km) and Duration (17.01 seconds) Recorded from Space", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0254.1, hdl: 2117/369605, S2CID 246358397