Snake Venom Extract Serum Capsule Anti-wrinkle Anti-aging, Fullerene Sheep Placenta Intensive Facial Serum, Skin Brightening Hydrating Firming Lifting (2pcs)

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The roots are sold in Hausa markets in Northern Nigeria and are used in the treatment of venereal diseases, the patient feeding for five or six days on a pap made by boiling the root with guinea-corn meal and native natron.” Even though antivenomics is not a functional test in terms of neutralization of venom activities, it can shed valuable information for understanding the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms. The relative weight of venom components in the overall toxicity of a venom can be studied by determining the ‘toxicity score’ for each component, which takes into consideration the toxicity of each toxin and its relative abundance in the venom ( 24). Once the most relevant toxins in a venom are identified, the ability of antivenoms to recognize these components can be quantified through antivenomics, hence providing indirect evidence of efficacy of the antivenom. An alternative to assess the inhibition of post-synaptically acting α-neurotoxins is an assay that quantifies the binding of these neurotoxins to purified AChR, such as those from the electric organ of fish, such as Torpedo californica ( 72). Non-radioactive variations of this assay have been described, which have great potential for antivenom evaluation in vitro. The basic set up of these procedures is based on the binding of purified AChR to α-neurotoxin bound to wells in microplates. After a washing step, antibodies against AChR are added, followed by conjugated secondary antibodies ( 73, 74). This procedure allows the detection of α-neurotoxins in venoms by a competition step whereby the venom is incubated with AChR before the addition to the α-neurotoxin coated plate ( 74).

The study titled “Effects of aqueous root extract of Annona senegalensis on Bitisarietans venom protease and phospholipase A2 activities” was published in the Journal of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences.And then there’s the question of safety; if the serum can penetrate through the skin and paralyse the muscles where it’s applied, then it means it may also be able to travel through the body via the blood supply that delivers nutrients to the muscles and then go on to cause muscle weakness in other areas of the body – and you don’t want that around your heart. A solution to this situation is the identification and isolation of venom components having the highest toxicity in a venom, by assessing the ‘toxicity score’ of venom fractions ( 24). Once these toxins are identified, ELISAs can be developed for the quantification of antibodies against them. This increases the likelihood of correlation between immunoassays and the in vivo neutralization of lethality. This concept has been proven in the case of antivenom against Naja naja siamensis, since a higher correlation was observed when immunoassays were carried out using a purified α-neurotoxin, as compared to crude venom ( 17). Similarly, a higher correlation was described for the Brazilian bothropic antivenom when using a hemorrhagic fraction of the venom of B. jararaca as compared to crude venom, but not when using a phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2)-rich fraction ( 21, 25). The growing body of information of snake venom proteomes, together with the identification of key toxins, provides valuable evidence for the setting of these more directed ELISAs.

Anti-hepatotoxic, anti-hypertensive, anti-tumor, anti-PLA 2, anti-snake venom, and anti-myotoxic-induced PLA 2. Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae) inhibited hyaluronidase, Phospholipase A2 (PLA 2), l-amino oxidase (LAAO), and 5′-nucleotidase. Exhibited fibrinogenolytic, edema-inducing, hemorrhagic, indirect hemolytic, coagulant, and myotoxic properties, and protected against venom-toxicity Although snake venom is fatal in itself, it is known to possess various toxin peptides with significant bioactivities [ 22, 168]. Tirofiban and eptifibatide are FDA-approved antiplatelet drugs, which are disintegrin derivatives from Echis carinatus and Sistrurus miliarus barbouri, respectively [ 169]. Captopril is a FDA-approved antihypertensive drug, which is a derivative of bradykinin potentiating peptide obtained from Bothrops jaracusa [ 170]. Hemocoagulase and batroxobin are marketed drugs in some countries outside of the United States for the treatment of hemorrhage and as a defibrinogenating agent, respectively. Hemocoagulases are thrombin- and thromboplastin-like enzymes obtained from Bothrops atrox, while batroxobin is a serine protease derived from Bothrops moojeni and B. atrox. Batroxobin can be a potential tool in patients on anticoagulant therapy for surgical hemostasis [ 171]. Ximelagatran is a peptide isolated from cobras, which was once a FDA-approved drug as an anticoagulant, but is now withdrawn from the market. Ancrod was also an FDA-approved drug as a defibrinogenating agent, which was later withdrawn and is currently under phase III clinical studies. Ancrod is an enzyme from Agkistrodon rhodostoma. Dendroaspis-NP is currently under phase II clinical study for the treatment of congestive cardiac failure. It is isolated from Dendroaspis angusticeps and is a natriuretic peptide. Furthermore, α-Cobratoxin and α-cobrotoxin are neurotoxins isolated from Naja kaouthia and Naja nivea, respectively. These neurotoxins are currently undergoing human trials as analgesics in China [ 172]. Coagulopathy, i.e. defibrinogenation, is a common consequence of envenomings by viperids and some elapids and ‘colubrids’ and contributes to the systemic hemorrhage characteristic of these envenomings ( 1, 31, 53). Defibrinogenating effect is tested in vivo by determining the minimum dose of venom that renders blood unclottable in experimental animals ( 54, 55). Defibrinogenation is the consequence of the consumption of clotting factors owing to the action of procoagulant enzymes in venoms, i.e., factor X activators, prothrombin activators and thrombin-like enzymes ( 31, 56). Therefore, the in vitro coagulant activity of venoms is likely to be a surrogate test for in vivo defibrinogenating effect. Indeed, a relationship was shown between the ability of a polyspecific antivenom to neutralize in vitro coagulant and in vivo defibrinogenating activities of five viperid venoms ( 55). Also, scientists have demonstrated the anti-ophidian properties of Anacardium occidentale bark extract. The study published in the journal Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology demonstrated the ability of Anacardium occidentale bark extract to neutralise enzymatic as well as pharmacological effects induced by Vipera russelii venom.The venom of the Temple Viper which Syn-ake is designed to mimic, paralyzes the muscles to weaken their prey. Syn-ake was created to mimic this action by creating a synthetic peptide with the same amino acid sequence as the Waglerin-1 peptide. The Waglerin-1 peptide was identified as the cause of the paralysis in the snake’s venom. By creating a chemically similar structure, the synthetic peptide is able to produce a similar effect. It is thought that the molecule is small enough to penetrate the skin and work on the facial muscles, however, due to how deep these muscles are under the skin, only small amounts of the molecule will get through. This means that Syn-ake’s effects are generally temporary, lasting for about a month and reducing the likelihood of off-target effects. Several studies have shown that the risk of snakebite to people in the rural region of tropical countries, where most people engage in agricultural, pastoral, and other outdoor livelihoods, is moderate to high. The researchers concluded: “Finally, these findings would be of importance in the area of drug development with a view to actualizing the substitution or enhancing the effect of conventional snakebite therapeutic options.” Moreover, we must consider the supplementary therapeutic actions that a snakebite patient may require for effective treatment, such as the use of extra drugs, wound care services, reconstructive surgery, and rehabilitation therapy, all of which increase the total cost associated with this NTD. The centerpiece in the therapy of snakebite envenomings is the timely administration of safe and effective antivenoms, which are preparations of IgGs or IgG fragments prepared from the plasma of horses or other animals immunized with venoms of one snake species (monospecific antivenoms) or several species (polyspecific antivenoms) ( 5). Upon parenteral administration in envenomed patients, antivenom antibodies bind to venom components in the circulation or in tissue compartments and contribute to their elimination. Generally, antivenom therapy is complemented by ancillary treatments which vary depending on the pathophysiology of envenomings ( 1). Antivenom efficacy is evaluated at the preclinical level by assessing its capacity to neutralize the lethal action of venoms in animal models, usually mice ( 5, 6). This is the gold standard of antivenom efficacy which is required before antivenoms are introduced into clinical use and as part of the routine quality control of antivenoms by manufacturers and regulatory agencies. The basic protocol for these neutralization assays involves the incubation of venom and antivenom prior to administration in animals. Another experimental option, which is not routinely used in quality control laboratories but which better mimics the actual circumstances of a snake bite, is the rescue-type assay, in which venom is injected first and antivenom is administered afterwards. In addition to lethality, depending on the toxicity profile of venoms, the assessment of neutralization of other toxic activities is also recommended, such as hemorrhagic, myotoxic, dermonecrotic, defibrinogenating, and in vitro coagulant activities, depending on the venom ( 5, 6). Except for the in vitro coagulant activity, the rest of these assays involve the use of high numbers of mice, with the consequent suffering and distress inflicted in these animals because of the toxic action of venoms.

A recent study has scientifically validated the folklore use of Annona senegalensis in the treatment of snakebite by farmers and herdsmen in Northern Nigeria.Inhibition of protease, hyalunoridase, fibrinogenolytic, procoagulant, anti-edematogenic, anti-ATPase, and alkaline phosphatase Today, many people depend on injectable neurotoxins to treat wrinkles, pigmentation, skin roughness, laxity and fine lines. The quality control of antivenoms, in terms of assessing their neutralizing efficacy against medically-relevant snake venoms, is generally carried out at two stages: (a) in-process, i.e. along the plasma fractionation procedures for generating purified IgG or F(ab’) 2 preparations, and (b) in the final product, before the antivenom is released for medical use in the health systems. The in-process quality control is carried out by the manufacturer, whereas the quality control of the final product is done by the manufacturer and, in some countries, by the national regulatory agencies as well. As a skincare ingredient, Syn-ake can be added to most formulation types, such as serums, moisturizers, or most water-based products. It is generally used as the main anti-aging ingredients but also can be formulated alongside other key ingredients to create a more diverse anti-aging product. JG prepared the first version of this manuscript. MVa, AS, MH, MVi, GS, AS, CH, and GL revised and contributed to the content of the manuscript. All authors revised the final version of the work and agreed with its content. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding

Syn-ake is a patented anti-aging ingredient developed by the Swedish company, Pentapharm Ltd, designed to mimic the action of snake venom. It is designed to work on relaxing the muscles in the face to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines.The discovery of new antivenoms involves significant challenges in the assessment, design, and production of potential antivenoms, and the refinement of current compounds to better meet the needs. New and much improved antivenoms with high standards can be produced in adequate volumes when multidisciplinary, international collaborative efforts are undertaken. This would help serve not a particular nation but entire regions [ 161]. Anti-defibrinogenatic, anti-edematogenic, anti-PLA 2 activity, anti-necrotic, anti-hemorrhagic, anti-coagulant, lipid peroxidase inhibition, superoxide dismutase activity, antiserum action potentiation, anti-lethality, anti-cardiotoxic, and anti-neurotoxic Snakebite envenoming exerts a heavy toll in terms of mortality and disabilities on a global basis ( 1). Owing to their public health relevance, the World Health Organization (WHO) included these envenomings as a category A disease in its list of Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017 ( 2), and a resolution on the subject was adopted at the World Health Assembly in 2018 ( 3). More recently, the WHO launched a global strategy to prevent and control these envenomings, aimed at reducing by 50% the number of deaths and amputations due to this disease by the year 2030 ( 4). This strategy is based on four pillars, one of which is to ‘ensure safe, effective treatment’.