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Karban, R., Huntzinger, M. & McCall, A. C. The specificity of eavesdropping on sagebrush by other plants. Ecology 85, 1845–1852 (2004). a b Greene, Edward Lee (1983). Egerton, Frank N. (ed.). Landmarks of botanical history: Part 2. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p.1019, note 15. ISBN 978-0-8047-1075-6. These three-part leaf and seed cards feature attractive images and simple tree names to help your children get to know the parts of a tree and begin to identify the trees in your local area.

Ozawa, R., Shiojiri, K., Matsui, K. & Takabayashi, J. Intermittent exposure to traces of green leaf volatiles triggers the production of ( Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol in exposed plants. Plant Signal. Behav. 8, e27013 (2013). Related plants may show a mixture of hypogeal and epigeal development, even within the same plant family. Groups which contain both hypogeal and epigeal species include, for example, the Southern Hemisphere conifer family Araucariaceae, [8] the pea family, Fabaceae, [4] and the genus Lilium (see Lily seed germination types). The frequently garden grown common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is epigeal, while the closely related runner bean, Phaseolus coccineus, is hypogeal. [ citation needed] History [ edit ] Kikuta, Y. et al. Specific regulation of pyrethrin biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium by a blend of volatiles emitted from artificially damaged conspecific plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 52, 588–596 (2011). A cotyledon ( / ˌ k ɒ t ɪ ˈ l iː d ən/; lit. 'seed leaf'; from Latin cotyledon; [1] from κοτυληδών ( kotulēdṓn), gen. κοτυληδόνος ( kotulēdónos), from κοτύλη ( kotýlē)'cup, bowl') is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, and is defined as "the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first to appear from a germinating seed." [2] The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists to classify the flowering plants (angiosperms). Species with one cotyledon are called monocotyledonous ("monocots"). Plants with two embryonic leaves are termed dicotyledonous ("dicots").Bihmidine, S.; Hunter, C.T., III; Johns, C.E.; Koch, K.E.; Braun, D.M. Regulation of assimilate import into sink organs: Update on molecular drivers of sink strength. Front. Plant Sci. 2013, 4, 177. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]

Cancer is the most common and lethal disease in the modern era. 1 New strategies or compounds need to be discovered because most known cancer treatments have adverse effects and all tumors do not react in the same way to treatment. Plant-based medicines have good potential as a primary source for chemotherapeutic drugs. Some of the currently-used chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel for breast cancer, vinca alkaloids for leukemia, and flavopiridol for colorectal cancer were initially derived from plants. 2, 3, 4, 5 In addition, herbal products are still used as primary health care products in most third world countries. 6 Accordingly, plants as herbal medicines are good sources to search for antitumor compounds. Baraloto, C.; Forget, P.-M. (2007), "Seed size, seedling morphology, and response to deep shade and damage in neotropical rain forest trees", American Journal of Botany, 94 (6): 901–11, doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.6.901, PMID 21636459, S2CID 24272337Valerio, C.; Costa, A.; Marri, L.; Issakidis-Bourguet, E.; Pupillo, P.; Trost, P.; Sparla, F. Thioredoxin-regulated β-amylase (BAM1) triggers diurnal starch degradation in guard cells, and in mesophyll cells under osmotic stress. J. Exp. Bot. 2010, 62, 545–555. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Andersen, M.N.; Asch, F.; Wu, Y.; Jensen, C.R.; Næsted, H.; Mogensen, V.O.; Koch, K.E. Soluble invertase expression is an early target of drought stress during the critical, abortion-sensitive phase of young ovary development in maize. Plant Physiol. 2002, 130, 591–604. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]

According to a study conducted by a researcher from China, P. utilis ethyl acetate seed extract was further fractionated by using normal phase column chromatography, to achieve seven different fractions. The antibacterial effect of each fraction was tested against S. aureus and E. coli by using the disc diffusion method. Among seven different fractions, fraction 1 (0.2 mg per disc) revealed measurable ZOI against S. aureus (14.16 mm) and E. coli (11.5 mm). The same fraction showed the lowest MIC and MBC values of 0.625 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively, against S. aureus whereas in the case of E. coli, the lowest MIIC and MBC values of 2.5 mg/mL and 5.0 mg/mL, respectively, were observed [ 24]. The better MIC and MBC values shown in that research in comparison to our study must be due to the examination of fractionated samples in that study. In another study, an alkaloid isolated from P. utilis has shown MIC values of 0.08 mg/mL and 0.625 mg/mL, against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, whereas its MBC values against S. aureus and E. coli were 0.16 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively [ 47]. Although extensive studies on bioactive antimicrobial phytochemicals of P. utilis remain unexplored yet, few investigations have documented the occurrence of various potent bioactive compounds such as p-Coumaric acid, rutin, catechin, Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, Quercetin-3-O-glucoside, Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, Isoschaftoside, etc. [ 27]. Besides that, various bioactive terpenoids such as epiutililactone, utililactone, 2 α-O-trans [ 1]p-coumaroyl-3 β, 19 α-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 2 α-O-cis-p-coumaroyl-3 β, 19 α-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, and coumarin derivatives have been reported from this plant [ 22, 25]. Thus, these diverse bioactive components might be responsible for the significant antibacterial effect of P. utilis leaf and seed extract. 4. Conclusion Karban, R., Shiojiri, K., Huntzinger, M. & McCall, A. C. Damage-induced resistance in sagebrush: Volatiles are key to intra- and interplant communication. Ecology 87, 922–930 (2006).

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In addition, the cytotoxic activity of methanol extracts from different parts of five Arthemisia species was evaluated by Gordanian et al. 12. A. absinthium was found to have a greater cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50) value of 221.5 µg/mL. They showed that a flower extract of A. absinthium was more cytotoxic than those of leaf, stem, and root extracts. Similarly, we found that seed extracts at less than 0.5 mg/mL concentrations were more effective with regards cytotoxicity on A-549 cells compared with that of leaf extracts, especially on day 1 and day 2 ( Figure 2a, b). In fact, flower and leaf extracts of some Artemisia species contain rich sources of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone Mannan et al. 24, and artemisinin caused in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities in a previous study. 25 Xu, W.; Cui, K.; Xu, A.; Nie, L.; Huang, J.; Peng, S. Drought stress condition increases root to shoot ratio via alteration of carbohydrate partitioning and enzymatic activity in rice seedlings. Acta Physiol. Plant 2015, 37, 9. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]