ATOMIUM Active Gasoline Plus - Engine additive for Gasoline cars - Suitable for older cars with more than 50 000km | For cars and light trucks Made in the EU - 90ml

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The STG+ technology is currently operating at pre-commercial scale in Hillsborough, New Jersey at a plant owned by alternative fuels company Primus Green Energy. The plant produces approximately 100,000 gallons of high-quality, drop-in gasoline per year directly from natural gas. [13] Further, the company announced the findings of an independent engineer’s report prepared by E3 Consulting, which found that STG+ system and catalyst performance exceeded expectations during plant operation. The pre-commercial demonstration plant has also achieved 720 hours of continuous operation. [14] The Clean Air Act (the Act) seeks to reduce air pollution in the United States. Specifically, the Act (first passed in 1970) and its amendments require engines and fuels to produce less air pollution—among other requirements. 1 To meet the air pollution reduction goals of the Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) took several actions to reduce pollution from gasoline use: The Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) requires gasoline for automobile use to have 27.5 percent of ethanol added to its composition. [104] Pure hydrated ethanol is also available as a fuel.

The test environment was composed essentially of a 4.5 m × 4 m x 2.5 m room with openings for ventilation well above to control the wind effect during measurements. The main door (4 m large x 2 m high) was always kept closed during testing and opened wide after each test to enable sufficient air into the room. The operating parameters were set at standard temperature and pressure (STP). The engine was cooled down and pollutants were evacuated after each sequence of testing. A fan was installed in the test room to fasten the cooling of the engine and help evacuate pollutants from the test room. This ensured a similar environment for each test for measurement accuracy. As of January 1, 2017, refiners are required to supply gasoline with 97% less sulfur content than the gasoline made in 2004. Gasoline with lower sulfur content reduces emissions from old and new vehicles and is necessary for advanced vehicle emission control devices to work properly. 5 Stoichiometric (theoretical) combustions of gasoline and hydrogen in air were summarized by the respective following reactions (reasonable approximations):Repeat the procedure in section 2.2.1 while setting the engine speed (1000, 2000, or 4000 rpm). Set the electrolyser to supply H 2 and record data at the specified engine temperatures. Hydrogen was supplied through a flexible pipe of length 0.5 m and diameter 0.005 m. The pressure at the outlet of the pipe was 1.8 bars and the temperature was slightly above room temperature. 2.2.3. Procedure for the Testing of Engine’s Temperature Variation According to Primus Green Energy, the STG+ process converts natural gas into 90+-octane gasoline at approximately 5 US gallons per million British thermal units (65 litres per megawatt-hour). [4] The energy content of gasoline is 120,000 to 125,000 British thermal units per US gallon (9.3 to 9.7 kilowatt-hours per litre), making this process about 60% efficient, with a 40% loss of energy.

Combustion of gasoline only at 3000 rpm took 9 min on average from 70°C to 112°C. Combustion of gasoline + HHO-rich air at 4000 rpm took 4 min, 6 min at 3000 rpm, 7 min at 2000 rpm, and 15 min at 1000 rpm. This implies pure gasoline takes a longer time from 70°C to 112°C compared to a blend of gasoline and HHO-rich air for the same engine speed. For gasoline and HHO-rich air blends at different engine speeds, it was found that the time taken from 70°C to 112°C is inversely proportional to speed. This is in response to Hosseini and Butler [ 21], who mentioned that HHO increases the thermal efficiency of the engine as well as reduces its specific fuel consumption. 3.4. Results of Fuel Consumption for Different Blends with the Combustion of 25 Cl of Gasoline at 2000 rpm There is a limit to how low UK fuel prices can go as tax – fuel duty, plusVAT charged on the total price – make up the lion’s share of the price of a litre.Even if the fuel was given away and the retailers didn’t make any profit (take a margin), the price of a litre would still include duty and VAT. This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed reactors in a series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic gasoline are as follows: [1] CO 2, a greenhouse gas, contributing to human-caused climate change. [7] [8] Oil products, including gasoline, were responsible for about 32% of CO 2 emissions worldwide in 2021. [9]

The STG+ process uses standard catalysts similar to those used in other gas to liquids technologies, specifically in methanol to gasoline processes. Methanol to gasoline processes favor molecular size- and shape-selective zeolite catalysts, [2] and the STG+ process also utilizes commercially available shape-selective catalysts, such as ZSM-5. [3] Process efficiency [ edit ]

UK petrol and diesel prices can vary dramatically from region to region and even in towns that are only a few miles apart.Simplifying a gas to liquids process by combining multiple steps into fewer reactors leads to increased yield and efficiency, enabling less expensive facilities that are more easily scaled. [12] Commercialization [ edit ] Average petrol and diesel prices hit new records during summer 2022 - of 191.5p per litre of petrol (3 July 2022) and 199.09p per litre of diesel (25 June 2022). Some forecourts charged substantially higher than these average prices. At these prices, tax to the UK Government represented around 43-44% of the total price that drivers were paying. How low can fuel prices go?